Overview
Hiatt Distributors Ltd. has developed and applied for a world wide patent, and has submitted to Nobel for Science, on a product which has the unprecedented capability to establish a Totally Aerobic Nitrogen Cycle in 24 hours (instead of 28 days) in aquarium aquaculture, as well as treat and remediate serious nitrogen pollution in large aqueous systems, whether natural or manmade. This present invention relates to new denitrifying aerobic bacterial compositions and to aerobic methods for biological treatment of aqueous systems polluted by nitrogen waste products. This paper is intended to supply sufficient information to enable the reader to understand the nature of the problem and to become acquainted with the revolutionary and superior method by which Hiatt Distributors Right Now! bacteria solves it.

Background
1. Water systems commonplace in today's environment, including aquarium aquaculture systems, streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and ground water. All are subject to contamination by many inorganic and organic compounds, as well as nitrogen waste components, in particular ammonium, nitrites, and nitrates, which at certain concentrations become highly toxic. Municipal wastewater solutions, for example raw sewage and industrial effluents, often contain high levels of ammonium and phenols, cyanides, sulfates, thiocyanates, thiosulfates, as well as other toxic waste compounds. Many spent military explosives contain organonitrate waste, and removing such waste in an economical fashion without contamination of the environment remains a challenge. These nitrogen waste streams are on of the principal major ecological and environmental problems facing mankind, and will continue to pose serious problems as the population grows and waste production increases.

2. As mentioned, aquarium, aquaculture, and ponds are all subject to nitrogen contamination. All biological products for the aquarium, aquaculture and ponds on today's market have exaggerated claims. When tested against the Nitrogen Cycle, at the standard temperature of 25 degrees Celsius (77F) and a reasonable amount of ammonia (5 mg/L, not 1,000 mg/L), few if any have reduced the Nitrogen Cycle for less than a week from the normal 28 days required to establish a bacterial bed. Another problem is with filters. Many filter manufactures have attempted to established their own norms when touting surface area of their products. They aspire to compare their surface area against DLS, lava rock, bio balls and silica sand. But when confronted with the real world of the Specific Surface Area N2 BET Method, which is a world wide standard, their products fail miserably. The Specific Surface Area N2 BET Method was established by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute, Inc. (SEM)

The Nature of The Problem
There are several factors which limit the quantity and quality of aquatic life. In any ecosystem, all life has limiting factors. In an aquarium or pond, bacteria life - essential to the nitrogen cycle - have the following limiters:
1. The amount of available food.
2. The amount of accessible oxygen.
3. The total surface platforms to form colonies.
4. Water temperature; and
5. pH range.

The Chemical Compounds Involved
Analyze any ocean, lake, pond, river, or stream with laboratory grade equipment and you will detect some amounts of Ammonia {NH₃.}, Ammonium Hydroxide {NH₄OH}, Ammonium Ion {NH₄+}, Nitrite {NO₂}, and Nitrates {NO₃}. Aquatic creatures have always lived with very insignificant detectable amounts of these lifeless compounds. The Nitrogen Cycle must be constantly executed, otherwise the water will become polluted and void of life. So what are these compounds and how do they affect aquatic life?

1. Ammonia. {NH₃.} is a colorless, very soluble, pungent, suffocating gas. When a great quantity is present, Ammonia Hydroxide displaces the available oxygen and suffocates the fish.
2. Ammonium Hydroxide {NH₄OH} is an alkaline solution obtained chiefly by the catalytic synthesis of nitrogen and hydrogen. Ammonium will destroy living tissue much like Sodium Hydroxide (Lye). When tissue is destroyed, the fish can no longer exchange oxygen.
3. Ammonium Ion {NH₄+} [Ammonium Salt], is the univalent ion [radical] in compounds formed from ammonia. Ammonium Ion behaves similar to an alkali metal, giving rise to ammonium salts. Ammonium Ion is considered non- toxic.
4. Nitrite {NO₂} converts to is a weak acid and obtained only in solution. Nitrous Acid decomposes rapidly to nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide. It is considered a salt or an ester. It inhibits the uptake of oxygen by oxidizing living tissue and causing organ failure.
5. Nitrate {NO₃} Is a salt or ester of nitric acid. At the present time, there are no determined levels of toxicity for fish or invertebrates. Toxic levels have been established for mammals and man. Nitrate reduction to Nitrogen Gas occurs under anaerobic conditions. In the process Hydrogen Sulfate, Methane, Sulphur Dioxide, and Carbon Dioxide are produced. An available carbon source is required for the anaerobic conversion from Nitrates to Nitrogen Gas.
6. Nitrogen Gas {N₂} an odorless invisible chemically inactive gas. Nitrogen Gas forms approximately 4/5 of the atmosphere. The element is vital to living organisms, forming an essential part of proteins and nucleic acids.

The Solution
Here on plant Earth, in any ecosystem, if the inhabitants are to survive, the Nitrogen Cycle must be established and the poisonous nitrogen compounds brought down to tolerable levels. This solution is as true today in ponds and aquaria, as it was four billion years ago when it evolved.

Traditional Approaches Versus Right Now!

The Traditional Products
Aqua-culturist sophisticated enough to understand the need to establish the Nitrogen Cycle have heretofore been limited to stocking their ponds and tanks which is a combination of aerobically and anaerobically organisms, and laboriously establish the Cycle in (under ideal conditions) about 28 days. Realistically, the time period is generally closer to seven weeks than to four. During this time deadly spikes of Ammonia, Ammonium, and Nitrite can occur. This possibility necessitates water changes, otherwise, the organisms living in the aquatic environment will perish. You may have experienced significant losses and customer dissatisfaction as a result of these mortal spikes.

The Right Now! Method
Right Now! Bacteria is a totally different way of addressing the Nitrogen Cycle. Instead of 28 days, following our protocol at 25^oC, the Nitrogen Cycle will be established in one day every time. Nor will deadly spikes of ammonia, ammonium or nitrite occur. Because of the rapidity of conversion of toxic ammonia and ammonium to ammonium ion, the test kit will register ammonium but the tank or pond will not have dead fish. Instead of the gradual increase of nitrates, the nitrates will be reduced aerobically and will settle between 2 to 4 mg/L. Sludge will be vastly reduced, copper will not exterminate the cycle for it is bio-resistance to copper and eight other heavy metals. When used in conjunction Haiti's Metal Gone which reduces 28 heavy metals (including phosphorous) and takes up 10 times more ammonium than Zeolite, Right Now! will consume Hair net algae within three weeks.

Available Carbon Source
An available carbon source is required for Right Now! Bacteria for the Aerobic reduction of Nitrates. This available carbon source is called Total Organic Carbon (TOC). TOC=s are the amount of carbon bound in organic compounds in a water sample as determined by a standard laboratory test. It is specified in mg/L. The CO₂ is measured with a water sample. The sample is atomized in a combustion chamber. TOC is a very fine measurement used in sophisticated water treatment systems, such as electronics grade, where any micro contamination can adversely affect product quality.

The choice for the TOC in this cycle is Tri Base Pelletized Carbon. This carbon in each pellet contains three different types of carbonized material. The advantages of this material versus other carbonized material are as follows:

1) The Pellet form does not allow channeling.
2) The Pellet form does not allow anaerobic build up.
3) The proprietary carbon source allows the AEROBIC conversation of Nitrates to Nitrogen Gas.
4) This Pellet bed will last as a biological and carbon source for approximately 5 + years providing a pre-filter is employed. Do not confuse this with chemical reduction.
5) This vast surface area of TOC allows Bacteria counts per gram from 1 x 10⁹ to 1 x 10¹¹ versus silica sand or anthracite coal which support population densities of 1 x 10⁶ to 1 x 10⁷.

Surface Area
Surface area is crucial in any aquatic system. This leads us to a point that we have already stated above: many products on the market compare non-standards against their products, thus pseudo-validating their claims to the unsuspecting consumer and invalidating their claims to the professional community. Let us compare the different media's surface areas:

1) Bio Ball's surface area is 100 cubic feet for every cubic foot of material. Does not contain the available carbon source.
2) Lava Rock's surface area is approximately 315 meters squared per gram. Does not contain the available carbon source.
3) Silica Sand is approximately 390 meters squared per gram. Does not contain the available carbon source.
4) Aquarium activated Carbon is approximately 650 meters squared per gram. Does not contain the available carbon source.
5) Tri Base Pelletized Carbon surface area is approximately 1,150 meters squared per gram. Tri Base Pelletized Carbon contains an available carbon source.

Within a two week period, at 25⁰C, for every pound of Tri Base Pelletized Carbon, one pound of Right Now! Bacteria will be established in the aquatic environment. This is more than adequate for any system for the reduction of Nitrogenous waste and the aerobic reduction of Nitrates to nitrogen gas. If the desire is to increase fish population densities, more carbon must be added. The least amount of carbon necessary for aerobic nitrate conversion is .1667 x gals of water = pounds of Tri Base Pelletized Carbon,

Dissolved Oxygen
The amount of Dissolved Oxygen [DO} will limit the carrying capacity of any system. Thus when you limit the amount of DO, you limit the amount of bacteria. Increased aeration or the injection of oxygen into the aquatic solution is necessary. Elevated pH and temperatures, decrease the water=s ability to carry and maintain a high [DO] Dissolved Oxygen.

pH
If the pH is not within the range of the target organism (i.e. fish) normally the bacteria that coexist with those organisms are limited to the same pH range. RIGHT NOW! BACTERIA has an active pH range from 3.0 to 10.5. It=s optimum pH range is between 5.5 to 9.0. This ensures if a sudden elevation or drop in pH, for what ever reason, the bacterial bed will not decline or perish.

Temperature
All organisms function within a specific temperature spectrum. Some - such as the normal nitrification bacteria - have a narrow temperature range in which they can survive. Right Now! Bacteria have a working range from 5⁰C (41⁰F) to 68⁰C (155⁰F). The lower the temperatures the longer time it takes to establish the bacterial bed. The higher the temperatures, the faster the bed is established. Normal Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria replicates every thirty minutes. Right Now! Bacteria at 25⁰C, replicates every 10 - 15 minutes. With Hiatt's Bacteria Accelerant, this time is furthered reduced to 5 - 7 minutes.

At 25⁰C, .1 gram of RIGHT NOW! BACTERIA will constitute a colony at a population density of 867 x 108 organisms in eight hours.

Food Source
As with all living organisms, bacteria need adequate food. This is not usually a problem in the pond or aquarium. Fish keepers often over stock or over feed; the simple remedy is to not over feed. Alternatingly, if the pond is over burdened with nitrogen waste, adding more carbon to the filter bed will increase the total amount of bio-mass. Thus the additional Right Now! Bacteria will consume the waste from over feeding.

Copper Resistance
Copper in many forms is used to destroy parasites. When the prophylactic level of 1.5 mg/L is utilized, not only does copper exterminate the parasite, but also destroys the bacterial bed. Right Now! Bacteria will persist at levels of 100 mg/L and up to 1,800 mg/L of heavy metals. The metals include, but are not limited to chrome, (hex and trivalent) cadmium, arsenic, copper, iron, lead, tin, zinc, cobalt, selenium, and silver.

Phosphorus Removal
Since an article expressing the demerits of Phosphorus was published, the aquatic world has been in an uproar against that element. Numerous methods have attempted to reduce phosphorus, but they are expensive and time consuming. When following our protocol, and used in conjunction with Metal Gone, Right Now! Bacteria will consume Phosphorus and maintain it at an acceptable level. Many people do not understand that every fish food is a constant source of phosphorus.

Sludge Reduction
Debris or Sludge Reduction not only enhances the appearance of any aquatic system, but decrease the bio load and the maintenance of the system. Right Now! Bacteria was tested at the Laboratory of the Terminal Island Treatment Plant, Los Angeles, California. Their target of total solids was aimed at 7 mg/L. Right Now! Bacteria reduced their sludge to 1 mg/L. The following test demonstrates the effectiveness of Right Now! Bacteria for sludge reduction.

Time(hr)	Sample Volume	Dried Mass (g)	Solids (mg/L)
0/I	500 mL	43	9
0/E	500 mL	36	7
24/I	500 mL	28	6
24/E	500 mL	10	2
144/I	500 mL	25	5
144/E	500 mL	5	1

Nitrogen Waste Removal
Many products claim to reduce Ammonia, and Nitrites. Yet, when put to the scientific testing method, unless the test is spurious, the bacteria will reduce Ammonia and Nitrites over a two or three week period, or not at all. Right Now! Bacteria will not only quickly reduce Ammonia Hydroxide and Ammonium Hydroxide to the Non-Toxic Ammonium Ion, but further reduce by biological oxidation Nitrites and Nitrates aerobically to Nitrogen gas. Thus no off-gassing of deadly Hydrogen Sulfate, Sulphur Dioxide and Methane gas can occur. Anaerobic Bacteria produces 2 ATP per gram of glucose rather than aerobic bacteria produces 32 ATP per gram of glucose when reducing Nitrates. The following test results from a Certified California Environmental Laboratory shows the rapid reduction of these poisonous compounds.

Summary
The revolutionary Hiatt Distributor's product RIGHT NOW!, when used with the recommended protocol, will reduce - from a month to one day - the time in which the life-giving Nitrogen Cycle can be established in a pond or aquarium, with greatly reduced fish mortality. Enhanced customer satisfaction, and increased profits. For those interested in specific test results, those of Inchape Testing Services (Caleb Brett), 1996 are attached. Sold only to wholesalers and distributors.
Respectfully submitted,

HDL
HIATT DISTRIBUTORS LIMITED

No portion of this article may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of HIATT DISTRIBUTORS LIMITED
PO Box 7475, Long Beach, CA 90807-0475
562-428-9973 (FAX) 562-428-5592